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条件动词时态

发表于 : 周日 8月 15, 2010 2:37 pm
royl
条件动词时态

资料来源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_verbs


现在条件式 (Conditional present)

肯定语气: He would write
否定语气: He would not write
疑问语气: Would he write?
否定疑问语气: Would he not write?

主要使用在主句伴随着怀疑或"if-clause"("假如"从句/子句); 可能针对现在或未来的条件陈述:
I would like to pay now if it is not too much trouble. (in present time; doubt of possibility is explicit)
我想要现在付钱假如不是太麻烦的话. (现在; 明确地表达对可能性的怀疑)
I would like to pay now. (in present time; doubt is implicit)
我想要现在付钱. (现在; 不言明地表达对可能性的怀疑)
I would do it if she asked me. (in future time; doubt is explicit)
我会做这件事假如她要求我去做的话. (未来; 明确地表达对可能性的怀疑)
I would do it. (in future time; doubt is implicit)
我会做这件事. (未来; 不言明地表达对可能性的怀疑)

一个幽默的传统规则的公式告诉我们不要把"would"放进"if-clause"("假如"从句/子句)里:
If and would you never should, if and will makes teacher ill!
"If"跟"would"永远不应该放在一起, "If"跟"will"放在一起会让老师不舒服!

许多英国人平常使用"would"或简化成例如"I'd"在"if-clause"("假如"从句/子句)里, 但是这被视为非标准用法:
If you'd leave now, you'd be on time.
如果你现在应该离开的话, 你可以准时到达.

类似这种用法非常广泛使用在社会各阶层的美国口语, 但是很少用在比较正式的书写上面. 但是有些可靠的发起者把它归属为美式英语可以接受的用法, 而不再归类为非正式的口语. 但这也有例外, 在英国英语也有人把"would"使用在与现在事实相反的条件语句里, 但这些用法也可以被人解释为预料性的"would":
If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something.
如果你偶尔听进去我的劝告, 你本来可以学到一些东西.

在一个"if-clause"("假如"从句/子句)里一个行动发生在主句之后的状况下, 使用"would"在与现在事实相反的条件语句却是被视为英国与美国的标准或正确的用法:
If it would make Bill happy, I'd give him the money.
如果这能使比尔满意的话, 我会给他钱.


现在进行条件式(Conditional present progressive)

肯定语气: He would be writing
否定语气: He would not be writing
疑问语气: Would he be writing?
否定疑问语气: Would he not be writing?

使用在条件式的进行时态; 描述一个如果没有打断性的事件发生的可能情况:
Today she would be exercising if it were not for her injury.
如果没有她的受伤她今天会在练身体.
He would be working today had he not been allowed time off.
如果不是被准许不上班他今天会在上班.


完成条件式 (Conditional perfect)

肯定语气: He would have written
否定语气: He would not have written
疑问语气: Would he have written?
否定疑问语气: Would he not have written?

使用在过去时态; 表达与现在事实相反的想法:
I would have set an extra place if I had known you were coming. (fact that an extra place was not set is implicit; conditional statement is explicit)
如果我早知道你要来的话我会安排多一个餐位. (事实上, 没有安排多一个餐位并没有言明; 条件陈述却被言明了)
I would have set an extra place, but I did not because Mother said you were not coming. (fact that a place was not set is explicit; conditional is implicit)
我本可以安排多一个餐位, 但是我并没如此做因为妈妈说你不回来. (事实上, 没有安排多一个餐位是言明的; 条件陈述并没有言明)
I would have set an extra place. (fact that a place was not set is implicit, conditional is implicit)
我本可以安排多一个餐位. (事实上, 没有安排多一个餐位是没有言明的, 条件陈述也没有言明)

经常有人使用"would have"或简化成例如"I'd have"在"if-clause"("假如"从句/子句)里, 但是这是被视为不标准用法:
If you (would)'ve told me, we could've done something about it.
如果你早先告诉我, 我本可以想办法解决这问题.

类似这种用法非常广泛使用在社会各阶层的美国口语, 但是很少用在比较正式的书写上面. 但是有些可靠的发起者把它归属为美式英语可以接受的用法, 而不再归类为非正式的口语. 但这也有例外, 在英国英语也有人把"would"使用在与现在事实相反的条件语句里, 但这些用法也可以被人解释为预料性的"would":
If you would have listened to me once in a while, you might have learned something.
如果你偶尔听进去我的劝告, 你本来可以学到一些东西.

在一个"if-clause"("假如"从句/子句)里一个行动发生在主句之后的状况下, 使用"would"在与现在事实相反的条件语句却是被视为英国与美国的标准或正确的用法:
If it would make Bill happy, I'd give him the money.
如果这能使比尔满意的话, 我会给他钱.


完成进行条件式(Conditional perfect progressive)

肯定语气: He would have been writing.
否定语气: He would not have been writing.
疑问语气: Would he have been writing?
否定疑问语气: Would he not have been writing?

完成进行条件式的使用方法与上述两项一样, 在这里不赘述:
Maria would have been singing if there had been more people in the church.
如果来教堂的人更多的话, 玛丽亚本可以唱歌.